Why you should avoid linking summary tasks

What are summary tasks?

A summary task or summary activity is made up of subtasks and summarises those subtasks. MS Project automatically calculates summary task information (such as duration and cost) using the information in the subtasks.

In the image below the Functional, Technical and Design/artwork specifications form a logical grouping under the summary task Specifications and designs.

The PMI's scheduling best practice standard does not recommend the use of links on summary activities. Here is what they say:

It generally is not recommended to use links on summary activities because the logic can be difficult to follow and the practice may not be supported by all scheduling tools. Use of links on summary activities may produce logic errors and create circular logic within the schedule model.
Practice Standard for Scheduling – Second Edition, 2011, Project Management Institute, Pennsylvania, pg 38.

MS Project can handle linked summary activities, but it is problematic for the reasons noted by PMI. In addition linking summary tasks can also artificially extend the plan timescales and lead to unnecessary down time for resources on the project. Let’s look at each issue in turn.

Schedule logic can be difficult to follow

In the example below the tasks under Module 3 and 4 appear not to be linked to the activities under Test modules. The System test tasks appear to be ‘abandoned’ floating on the chart with no obvious successor. In fact both groups of tasks are linked to Test modules via an overarching summary task appearing much earlier in the plan. orphaned, hanging task caused by links to summary tasks in ms project

In this example links between summary tasks turn the Gantt view in to a complex spaghetti junction of dependencies. linked summary tasks in project make logic difficult to follow

Summary task links can produce errors in logic often artificially extending the plan

Consider the example below. Developer 1 is completing the Build of section 1.1 in week 1. Because of the links between the summary tasks there is a gap between section 1.1 and the developer's next task Build section 2.1 completing in week 3.
linked summary tasks in ms project

However, it is likely that the summary task links are causing an error in logic and the developer could actually move straight onto Build section 2.1. This would reduce the time between builds and the overall plan timescale. Removing the logic from the summary activity enables the project planner to identify these efficiencies see below. not linking summary tasks gives correct logic in ms project

By planning for the Developers to move straight from one build to another the project delivery time could be reduced from 5 to 4 weeks. Of course there might be resource constraints that prevent this approach, but MS Project Resource calendars should be used to reflect the Developers availability rather than activity links.

Linking summary tasks can lead to bench time

You have probably already spotted that when summary tasks were used to link the modules in the example above, Developer's 1 and 2 had periods of down time. The Resource Usage view below clearly shows the down time. downtime caused by linking summary tasks

When the links are removed from the summary tasks the developers can move from one build to the next with minimal downtime. Here is the Resource Usage view from the more efficient plan. more efficient resource usage by applying correct logic in ms project

Linked summary tasks may cause circular logic warning messages in MS Project

MS Project prevents links between activities that would create circular logic. Consider a plan with 3 activities: Task A, Task B and Task C. Task A’s successor is Task B and Task B’s successor is Task C. Task C cannot link back to Task A as a successor task. This warning message notifies the planner of a circular relationship. circular relationship warning message in ms project

Linking summary tasks can result in the same warning message. If the successor of Summary Task 1 is Summary Task 2 the activities under Summary Task 2 can’t have a successor activity under Summary Task 1. ms project warns of circular relationship

In the illustration above MS Project prevents a link between Task C.2 to Task C.1 as it would create a circular relationship.

Summary

Linking summary tasks can have some negative consequences for planning so while MS Project allows summary tasks to be linked you may decide to avoid this altogether. I have tried to find positive reasons for linking summary tasks, other than saving time by simplifying the creation of the plan dependencies. I haven’t found a genuine benefit, but I welcome your thoughts so feel free to share your thoughts in the comments section at the bottom of this page.

How to find linked summary tasks in MS Project

You can find linked summary tasks in MS Project by creating a custom filter that finds summary tasks which also have predecessors. This article gives a step by step guide to creating custom filters including a filter to find linked summary tasks.

References for summary tasks

Practice Standard for Scheduling – Second Edition, 2011, Project Management Institute, Pennsylvania, pg 38.

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